Securing the right to work in Egypt over the long term begins with obtaining a work permit, followed by a residence permit. The process involves multiple steps and specific documentation, and it's important for foreign professionals to understand the requirements before making the move.

Work Permit Application Process

The first major step is applying for a work permit through Egypt’s Ministry of Manpower and Immigration. Before submission, applicants must undergo an HIV/AIDS test at the Central Laboratory of the Health Ministry in Egypt, as international test results aren’t accepted. This requires the applicant’s physical presence in the country, although representation via power of attorney is allowed in some cases.

Once the application is submitted, a receipt is issued. This receipt allows the applicant to begin working immediately while the full permit is processed—typically taking 8 to 10 months. The permit is valid for one year and can be renewed annually.

Residence Permit Requirements

After receiving the work permit submission receipt, the next step is applying for a residence permit through the Ministry of Interior. Initially, the residence permit is valid for six months, with a possible six-month extension if the work permit is still pending. The application generally takes about 30 days to process and, once approved, allows the holder to leave and re-enter Egypt freely during its validity.

Eligibility for a Work Permit in Egypt

Work experience is a key factor in work permit eligibility. Due to the competitive job market, employers tend to favor candidates with specialized skills or experience not readily found among local talent. All applicants must also pass required health screenings, including an HIV test. A positive result or certain medical conditions can disqualify candidates from receiving a permit.

Documentation Requirements

For Employers in Egypt:

1. A recent copy of the company’s commercial register (issued within the last three months)
2. A valid tax card
3. A printout from the social insurance authority showing employee count
4. Social Insurance Form No. 2
5. A detailed list of foreign employees
6. Articles of incorporation of the parent company
7. A formal request for the work permit
8. Power of attorney (if a representative is handling the application)

For Foreign Employees (without dependents):

1. A valid passport (minimum six months validity with blank pages)
2. Authenticated certificates of experience and academic qualifications
3. Seven passport-sized photos
4. Authenticated power of attorney (if applicable)

All non-Arabic documents must be translated into Arabic by certified translators and legalised by the Egyptian embassy in the applicant’s home country.

Other General Requirements:

1. Completed application forms
2. Police clearance certificates from countries where the applicant resided for more than 12 months in the last five years
3. Proof of good health
4. Proof of social security registration in Egypt
5. Confirmation of housing arrangements

Processing Timelines and Legalisation

Processing times vary, especially depending on the applicant's nationality, due to security clearance protocols. On average:

1. Document collection and legalisation take 1 to 3 months
2. Permit processing may last several weeks to months
3. Residence permits are initially valid for six months, with the option to renew

All documents must go through legalisation, typically by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Manpower, and the Egyptian embassy.

Costs Involved in Applying

Applicants should be prepared for several types of expenses:

1. Visa fees: $25 USD for single-entry, $60 USD for multiple-entry
2. Work permit fee: Around 1,000 EGP (~$50 USD)
3. Document legalisation: Varies by document and location (e.g., $47 USD per document in Washington, D.C.)
4. Medical testing: HIV test costs about 285 EGP (~$15 USD)
5. Translation and social security registration fees also apply

Living and relocation costs should also be considered when planning the move.

Step-by-Step Application Process

1. Prepare and Legalise Documents: Gather required documents, legalise them via the Egyptian embassy, and translate into Arabic if needed.
2. Apply for an Entry Visa: Business visitors can enter Egypt on a tourist visa for business purposes. Entry authorisation usually takes 7–14 working days. Visa endorsement occurs upon arrival or at the Egyptian embassy in the applicant’s home country.
3. Submit Work Permit Application: Undergo HIV testing locally and submit the application to the Ministry of Manpower. Once submitted, the receipt serves as temporary work authorisation.
4. Apply for a Residence Permit: After receiving the submission receipt, apply for the six-month residence permit, which can be extended while the work permit is pending.

Important Notes About Work Permits

1. A work permit in Egypt is valid for one year and renewable up to five years.
2. Labor market testing ensures no local talent is available before a foreign worker is hired.
3. Expired permits can lead to penalties or deportation, so renewals should be done early.
4. Work permits do not lead to permanent residency. Those interested in permanent residence must explore separate pathways, such as investment or family sponsorship.

Advantages of Working in Egypt

Holding a valid work permit in Egypt provides access to a vibrant labor market and the chance to develop skills in an international setting. The permit also allows legal residence and opens doors to career advancement in a culturally rich environment.

Planning Ahead

It’s recommended to plan 6 to 8 months ahead before moving to Egypt. This timeline allows for job searching, document preparation, visa processing, and relocation logistics. Partnering with a legal or immigration expert can help smooth the process and reduce potential delays.